高機率聽力考題：Osedax食骨蠕蟲

原文網址：
http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/species-of-the-day/collections/collecting/osedax-mucofloris/
 （可以先看影片練習聽力喔！！ ）
http://eol.org/pages/49241/overview
http://www.osedax.com/


重點提示：

1. Osedax食骨蠕蟲顧名思義就是以骨頭為主食，主要的habitat在鯨魚的骨頭上，科學家也是第一次在鯨魚骨頭找到此種特殊的蟲。

Osedax mucofloris is also known as the bone-eating snot-flower worm. This bizarre animal was discovered and described in 2005, by Museum scientists working together with marine biologists in Sweden.

The animal lives on whale bones on the sea floor and it is thought that this species, and others closely related to it, have evolved unique adaptations to this unusual habitat.

2. 說它更像植物,因 為沒有眼睛沒有腿。 worm 有三個部分:red structure,green structure

The worms have no eyes, legs, mouths, or stomachs, but they do have colorful feathery plumes and green "roots."

worm 和 green structure 的細菌的共生
They use the roots to infiltrate the bones of dead whales, digesting the fats and oils inside with the help of symbiotic bacteria

它頭上有個紅的是吸氧的,綠的東西裏面很多細菌,好像消化海底石油,還有一個生殖的
The plumes connect to a muscular trunk, which can be withdrawn into a transparent tube when the worms are disturbed. At the other end of the trunk, hidden inside the whale bone, the body widens to form a large egg sac. The greenish roots, branching off from the egg sac, are filled with bacteria that break down oil in the whale bones.

3. Reproduction： 公的食骨蠕蟲非常小，會附著在母食骨蠕蟲上。性別由環境決定，一開始是無性的，長大才會漸漸改變。

It is important to understand Osedax mucofloris reproduction, as scientists want to know how these animals are able to disperse between isolated whale-fall habitats.

When the first species of Osedax was described, it was noted that the species seemed to exhibit very strong sexual dimorphism.（公母差異很大的） The males did not develop into mature adults. Instead, they appeared to remain as larval-sized individuals attached to the side of females,
fertilising eggs as they were released into the water column.

Sex in these worms is believed to be environmentally determined, with undifferentiated larvae that settle on bones developing as females and subsequent larvae that settle on females transforming into dwarf males.

聽力高機率考題：Flying maple seeds

原始中文機經：

植物學。教授講楓樹的種子又被稱為 wing seed,因為長得像翅膀。說這種種子靠風力傳播,落下 時會 spin,造成對自己的 lift,像直升飛機一樣的道理。而這個 lift 可以減慢下落的速度,讓風把種子送到更 遠的地方。然後說其實動物也有很多利用這個原理,例如蝙蝠和一些昆蟲。所以認為之前一直認為植物和動 物是分別進化相對獨立的觀點被 challenge 了。最後說通過這個研究可以應用到人類科技上,例如研究新的太 空船降落系統。


原文網址：
http://www.dandydesigns.org/id59.html

1. Maple要reproduce的話，必須遠離parent trees以獲取足夠的陽光，所以必須stay airborne long enough, 本身巧妙的設計讓他可以helicopter autorotation!

--
Maple seeds show great design to fulfill the needs for maple trees to reproduce. A maple tree can spread shade over a large area. In order for it to reproduce, its seeds have to get far enough away from the parent tree that the young trees will not be shaded by the parent. This means that as the seed falls off the tree it has to stay airborne long enough that it will travel for a significant distance. The very complex design of the maple seed allows it to begin its helicopter autorotation almost the instant it is released from the tree.

Maple seed's helicopter autorotation

2. 仔細看翅膀表面有葉脈，使表面粗糙增加干擾氣流，能夠使種子在空中停的更久，
高爾夫球上表面小小的凹陷也有同樣的效果！


If you look carefully at the wings, you will see that they have veins in them. The veins are concentrated on the leading edge of the wing – the part that cuts into the air. This rough texture produces beneficial turbulence and the weight of the veins improves the angle of attack of the wing. Dimples on golf balls serve a similar purpose of producing beneficial turbulence. Bird wings are also designed with the shaft on the leading edge and the feathers on the back.

3.種子的翅膀變乾後才會開始墜落，不僅可以減輕重量讓種子在空中飛的更久，乾掉的翅膀也比較容易破碎，使種子暴露使其更容易繁衍。

Maple seeds do not fall off the tree until the wings are quite dry. This has two advantages. For one thing it makes them lighter so that they will fly farther. It also makes the wing more brittle so that once they land the wing material may break away from the seed. Although the wing is important to get the seed to its destination, once the seed has landed the wing has served most of its purpose. When the seed lands between blades of grass, the wing may help the seed to stand vertically enabling it to more easily imbed into the ground.

針對6/30, 7/13, 7/14考試全新課程正式開課！！

針對6/ 30, 7/13, 7/14 的課程排出來囉！！

名額有限，有報名考試的同學可以先報名囉！


J2TOEFL又對到新的一套真題啦，

六月開始三個月內都極可能考出喔！

其餘三套也都還有題目還沒考出，機率也很大喔！


真題命中表：

-->

正式考試日期	J2TOEFL 真題編號	命中部分
2013.04.14	T7 (20111112CN)	閱讀第二篇 Global Variations in Species Diversity 聽力Conversation 1
2013.04.20	T7 (20111112CN)	閱讀第一篇 Pressure on Guilds in Medieval Europe
2013.05.18	T4 (20120422CN)	閱讀第三篇 El Nino

P.S 依據最新ETS出題規律，剩餘拼盤會在近三個月考出，
例如T4目前只考出一篇閱讀，表示此套剩下的閱讀其他兩篇文章及聽力、口說、寫作等都有可能在
六、七月考出！！

＊＊＊

開課時間：

6/22 (六) 13:00-16:30 J1等級十套點題＋T4 聽說讀寫

6/23 (日) 13:00-16:30 J1等級十套點題＋T7聽說讀寫



6/26 (三) 13:00-16:30 J1等級十套點題＋T3 聽說讀寫

6/28 (五) 13:00-16:30 J1等級十套點題＋T2 聽說讀寫


7/2   (二) 18:30-22:00 J1等級十套點題＋T4 聽說讀寫

7/5   (五) 18:30-22:00 J1等級十套點題＋T7聽說讀寫


＊＊＊

課程費用：

*只要一堂課！含手稿＋一小時點題＋真題只要 $1,500!

*單買手稿只要$1,000（每份手稿包含機經預測＋口說寫作參考答案＋獨家補充）,並付一小時點題課程!

(郵寄費用均使用郵局便利袋酌收$65 )

 
(註：手稿並不含真題，真題只能隨班上課，文章及音檔恕無法分享給同學，敬請見諒）

J2TOEFL與其他機構比較：

	其他機構機經班	J2TOEFL機經班
堂數	六堂	一堂
時數	每堂3小時，共18小時	點題1.5小時+真題一套2小時，全部只要3.5小時
價格	$5,999	$1,500
開課日期	三個月只有一個班，其餘DVD補課	針對每次考試每週開課，最新最精闢！
內容	三個月內所有重點	針對每次考試挑出最重點十套點題，每次課程刪掉近期已考試題，避免吸收過多不會考的資訊。

  

課程介紹：
每堂課3.5小時包含：
前半堂：最重點等級十套閱讀聽力快速點題，迅速掌握考點。
後半堂：真題一套 （含完整聽說讀寫，閱讀含完整三篇文章及42道題
，聽力含兩個Section兩個conversation四個lecture及34道題，
口說Q1-6所有音檔, 寫作完整文章及音檔）

＊＊＊
報名方式：
至以下網址填寫簡單資料，即完成報名：
http://goo.gl/UeUaN
有任何其他問題，
歡迎寫信至j2toefl@gmail.com詢問，
或直接來電0921883288 Jacob (10am-9pm) 會親自回答您的問題，
謝謝。

Cheating Ourselves of Sleep

原文網址：

http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/06/17/cheating-ourselves-of-sleep/?smid=fb-nytimes&WT.z_sma=HL_COO_20130617

單字解析：
circadian rhythm 生理節奏，也常搭配clock (生理時鐘）

Speaking Task 4也有機會考出喔：

--> 閱讀:關於 circadian rhythm 的介紹。有兩個要點。一個是每人都會有自己的 ALERT TIME 和 TIRED TIME。第二個要點就是這個 RYTHEM 隨著時間推移可能會改變。 

聽力:教授就舉了 2 個例子。首先說在大學的時候他習慣晚上學習,因為那個時候他精神好,效率 高,睡的比別人都晚。早上就會特別睏,起不來,所以他從來不選早上的課。 第二個例子說他做了年紀大了做了教授發現,早上效率比較高,晚上覺得累。所以現在他的習慣顛 倒了。早上看看書,備課,晚上就早早睡覺了。 

ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) 注意力不足過動症，最常出現在學齡孩子中。

glucose 葡萄糖 （常出現在聽力Biology考題裡）

cardiovascular disease 心血管疾病


------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

我們體內有個叫leptin的hormone會讓你覺得你吃飽了，但是這種hormone在睡眠不足的人裡會減少，另外ghrelin,刺激食慾的hormone會增加。
所以想減肥的同學，記得一定要睡飽！！

Several studies have linked insufficient sleep to weight gain. Not only do night owls with shortchanged sleep have more time to eat, drink and snack, but levels of the hormone leptin, which tells the brain enough food has been consumed, are lower in the sleep-deprived while levels of ghrelin, which stimulates appetite, are higher.


到底為何睡眠充足會增加免疫力？

睡眠時，身體會製造一種蛋白質叫cytokines, 能有效的防止傳染病！


During sleep, the body produces cytokines, cellular hormones that help fight infections. Thus, short sleepers may be more susceptible to everyday infections like colds and flu. In a study of 153 healthy men and women, Sheldon Cohen and colleagues at Carnegie Mellon University found that those who slept less than seven hours a night were three times as likely to develop cold symptoms when exposed to a cold-causing virus than were people who slept eight or more hours.

看電影學機經(高機率考題）：The Great Gastby and the Great Depression

中文機經： 

      Great depression1929-1936年的大蕭條，先是經過20年代後期連續5年的高速發展，股票狂漲300%，經濟很繁榮 然後從某個星期四開始狂降，第一階段剛穩定，歐 洲開始經濟大衰退，這一環節同樣給美國帶來二次災難。農業沒辦法賣出高價，銀行和金融沒有出路，投資者和零售商都損失慘重。民眾認為政府和胡弗總統有不可 推卸的責任。

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The Great Gatsby （大亨小傳） 這部改編小說的電影背景就是在Roaring Twenties (1920s: a period of sustained economic prosperity ), 當時經濟是前所未有的蓬勃發展，男主角Jay Gatsby就是生活在此紙醉金迷的上流世界，也因此時爵士樂興起，也被稱為Jazz Age.

Leonardo DiCaprio as "Jay Gatsby"

      The Wall Street Crash of 1929

      The Wall Street Crash of 1929, also known as Black Tuesday and the Stock Market Crash of 1929, began in late October 1929 and was the most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States, when taking into consideration the full extent and duration of its fallout. The crash signaled the beginning of the 10-year Great Depression that affected all Western industrialized countries and did not end in the United States until the onset of American mobilization for World War II at the end of 1941.

      --Black Thursday （黑色星期四）

      On October 24 ("Black Thursday"), the market lost 11% of its value at the opening bell on very heavy trading.

      對歐洲的影響

      The Great Depression severely affected central Europe. The unemployment rate in Germany, Austria and Poland rose to 20% while output fell by 40%. By November 1932, every European country had increased tariffs (關稅） or introduced import quotas （進口量）.

      Under the Dawes Plan, the German economy boomed in the 1920s, paying reparations （戰敗國的賠款） and increasing domestic production. Germany's economy retracted in 1929 when Congress discontinued the Dawes Plan loans. This was not just a problem for Germany. Europe received almost $8 billion USD in American credit between 1924 and 1930 in addition to previous war time loans.

 President Hoover's reaction 胡佛總統當時的作法

Hebert Hoover was blamed for the great depression because of his lack of involvement and issue with the stock market. He took out his money from the stocks which feared Americans currently invested in the stock market, so they pulled their money out as well, this decreased the value of stocks greatly. Also, when the great depression struck, Hoover decided not to give government aid to the people believing that it would inflate the Federal government budget. Later on though, Hoover decided to take action and try to get America out of this depression.

聽歌學口說：Eric Clapton - Tears in Heaven

Eric Clapton - Tears in Heaven

YouTube official video : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JxPj3GAYYZ0  
 
完整歌詞： 

Would you know my name
If I saw you in heaven?
Would it be the same
If I saw you in heaven?
I must be strong and carry on
Cause I know I don't belong here in heaven...

Would you hold my hand
If I saw you in heaven?
Would you help me stand
If I saw you in heaven?
I'll find my way through night and day
Cause I know I just can't stay here in heaven...

Time can bring you down, time can bend your knees
Time can break your heart, have you begging please...begging please

Beyond the door there's peace I'm sure
And I know there'll be no more tears in heaven...

Would you know my name
If I saw you in heaven?
Would it be the same
If I saw you in heaven?
I must be strong and carry on
Cause I know I don't belong here in heaven...

* * *

與現在事實相反的假設語氣，同學在口說的時候很容易用錯，
利用這首歌同學比較好記憶喔！
想不起來假設語氣怎麼說，就唱唱這首歌吧！

Would you know my name if I saw you in heaven?

基本上在真實情況下，
"人在天堂相遇"這件事是不會發生的，
所以這件事與現在事實相反，
就必須用假設語氣，
if子句動詞要用過去式, 想表達我會怎樣怎樣的...不能用will 只能用would


口說第五題學生碰到的困難＋兩個解決辦法＋自己的建議，
同學在講完The student's problem is..There are two possible solutions 之後，
有個同學常用的模版是 如果我是他/她，我會選擇A/B,
這時候必須說If I were him/her, (因為在現實情況下，我就是我，不可能變成她/他）
同學比較常忘記的是後面的I would...

這個文法從高中大家都很熟悉，
但要怎麼樣讓它 "脫口而出"，
不斷練習是不二法門了！
睡前再聽一次吧！

美國文化篇：Soda/ pop/ coke? 到底該說哪一個？

之前在J2TOEFL社團提過的accent tag：
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3LjUUzPG31I

讓同學們了解美國各大洲講話跟用字都會有些許差異，
就好像我們的滑鼠對岸的同胞管他叫鼠標，
之前在母校圖書館遇到同系同學時，他也會跟你說  誒，你也來"學習"阿？

Joshua Katz from NC State University 將上述accent tag裡的問題（還加了其他問題）製作成地圖
http://ppt.cc/3QBO
同學可以一目了然！！

拿汽水為例，
在美國主要有 soda / pop/ coke 三種說法，

可以看到北方人普遍說pop,
但是東岸跟西岸的人都說soda,
東南部像Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana等洲直接說coke來泛指汽水,
同學之後出國唸書就可以選擇一下才不會讓你sound foreign喔！



也可以透過這些maps學學新單字喔！
原來在高速公路上如果有看到車禍等等停下來看熱鬧叫rubbernecking!

開車請專心！！

Three Theories of Moon's Formation/Origin

月球就一直高高掛在哪邊，好像都沒思考過它是怎麼形成的？

After the sun spun to light, the planets of the solar system began to form. But it took another hundred million years for Earth's moon to spring into existence. There are three theories as to how our planet's satellite could have been created: the giant impact hypothesis, the co-formation theory and the capture theory.

Giant impact hypothesis (大碰撞說--最廣為接受的理論)

 

This is the prevailing theory supported by the scientific community. Like the other planets, the Earth formed from the leftover cloud of dust and gas orbiting the young sun. The early solar system was a violent place, and a number of bodies were created that never made it to full planetary status. According to the giant impact hypothesis, one of these crashed into Earth not long after the young planet was created.
Known as Theia, the Mars-size body collided with Earth, throwing vaporized chunks of the young planet's crust into space. Gravity bound the ejected particles together, creating a moon that is the largest in the solar system in relation to its host planet. This sort of formation would explain why the moon is made up predominantly of lighter elements, making it less dense than Earth — the material that formed it came from the crust, while leaving the planet's rocky core untouched. As the material drew together around what was left of Theia's core, it would have centered near Earth's ecliptic plane, the path the sun travels through the sky, which is where the moon orbits today.


Co-formation theory (跟地球同時形成)


Moons can also form at the same time as their parent planet. Under such an explanation, gravity would have caused material in the early solar system to draw together at the same time as gravity bound particles together to form Earth. Such a moon would have a very similar composition to the planet, and would explain the moon's present location. 

此理論的缺陷在於月球的形成物質不太一樣，如果同時形成的話應該是會一樣的？
However, although Earth and the moon share much of the same material, the moon is much less dense than our planet, which would likely not be the case if both started with the same heavy elements at their core.


Capture theory 被地球引力”抓住”而環繞著地球
Perhaps Earth's gravity snagged a passing body, as happened with other moons in the solar system, such as the Martian moons of Phobos and Deimos. Under the capture theory, a rocky body formed elsewhere in the solar system could have been drawn into orbit around the Earth. The capture theory would explain the differences in the composition of the Earth and its moon. However, such orbiters are often oddly shaped, rather than being spherical bodies like the moon. Their paths don't tend to line up with the ecliptic of their parent planet, also unlike the moon.
Although the co-formation theory and the capture theory both explain some elements of the existence of the moon, they leave many questions unanswered. At present, the giant impact hypothesis seems to cover many of these questions, making it the best model to fit the scientific evidence for how the moon was created.

6/15, 6/30考試全新課程

-->

針對6/15, 30的課程排出來囉！！

名額有限，有報名考試的同學可以先報名囉！

J2TOEFL又對到新的一套真題啦，

六月開始三個月內都極可能考出喔！

其餘三套也都還有題目還沒考出，機率也很大喔！

＊＊＊

開課時間：

6/8   (六)13:00-16:30 J1等級十套點題＋T4 聽說讀寫
6/9   (日)13:00-16:30 J1等級十套點題＋T7聽說讀寫

 
6/15 (六)13:00-16:30 J1等級十套點題＋T3聽說讀寫
6/16 (日)13:00-16:30 J1等級十套點題＋T2聽說讀寫

6/22 (六) 13:00-16:30 J1等級十套點題＋T4 聽說讀寫

6/23 (日)13:00-16:30 J1等級十套點題＋T7聽說讀寫


＊＊＊

課程費用：

*只要一堂課！含手稿＋點題＋真題只要$1,500!

*單買手稿只要$1,000（每份手稿包含機經預測＋口說寫作參考答案＋獨家補充）,並付一小時點題課程!

(郵寄費用均使用郵局便利袋酌收$65

http://www.post.gov.tw/post/internet/box/index_2_2.jsp?id=3）

（註：手稿並不含真題，真題只能隨班上課，文章及音檔恕無法分享給同學，敬請見諒）

J2TOEFL與其他機構比較：

	其他機構機經班	J2TOEFL機經班
堂數	六堂	一堂
時數	每堂3小時，共18小時	點題1.5小時+真題一套2小時，全部只要3.5小時
價格	$5,999	$1,500
開課日期	三個月只有一個班，其餘DVD補課	針對每次考試每週開課，最新最精闢！
內容	三個月內所有重點	針對每次考試挑出最重點十套點題，每次課程刪掉近期已考試題，避免吸收過多不會考的資訊。

 課程介紹：

每堂課3.5小時包含：
前半堂：最重點等級十套閱讀聽力快速點題，迅速掌握考點。
後半堂：真題一套 （含完整聽說讀寫，閱讀含完整三篇文章及42道題
，聽力含兩個Section兩個conversation四個lecture及34道題，
口說Q1-6所有音檔, 寫作完整文章及音檔）

＊＊＊

針對6/15, 6/30對到的真題一共四套，
4/14及4/20已相繼考出T7 的兩篇閱讀及T3的Conversation1,

5/18考出T4第三篇閱讀
剩下拼盤極有可能在接下來考試考出！！

*T4、T7等為真題編號

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