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2015年11月26日 星期四

托福常考畫家



今天要跟大家分享托福常考的五位畫家,除了畫家本身,畫作以及畫派重點都是同學在看的時候可以注意的地方。另外重點部分都有中英對照,同學除了學概念以外,也可以熟悉英文表達方式、確認發音,確保考試在聽力中出現時能即時反應!


1.    Vincent van Gogh 梵谷
van Gogh的畫可說是托福的最愛,舉其中兩個例子,
第一幅畫是The Potato Eaters, 在2012年9月29日北美考區lecture出現過。
圖:The Potato Eaters


聽力中主要講的重點是西歐畫家喜歡畫左臉勝過於右臉(western European artists have historically tended to show the left side of the subject’s face more than the right.) 在提到左臉右臉對畫家的重要性時,就先提到 van Gogh的 “The Potato Eaters,” 因為它是一個lithograph(平版印刷), 所以印出來都是左右相反的(the left and right are reversed). van Gogh 對這樣的作品很不滿意,甚至在一封寫給他brother信件提到「人都面向反方了。」

另外一幅van Gogh的畫是 “White House at Night”, 在2012年12月22日亞洲區lecture出現過,重點在於透過一幅畫可以分析確切的時間,甚至知道這幅畫右上角畫的是Venus而不是月亮。

圖:White House at Night


如何得知呢?一樣可以先從畫家信件來往得知,因為在1890年6月17日van Gogh又曾經寫了一封信給他brother, 信中提到對某幅畫的描述就跟 “White House at Night”非常類似,所以可以推測是在6月17日前開始畫作。再對照當時氣象紀錄,發現六月初都是多雲的天氣,直到16日才開始天氣變好,所以推算是16日開始作畫的。那Venus是如何得知的呢?用電腦做出當時的sky map, 在六月中在該城鎮能看到的星體只剩6顆,然後再看房子的方位發現是西方,當時西方只能看見Venus, 所以確定畫中的星體即為Venus.

2.    Claude Monet 莫內
說到Monet就一定會提到 “Impression, Sunrise” 這幅畫,這幅畫確實重要因為它可以說是Impressionism(印象畫派) 的起源。
圖:Impression, Sunrise


在2014年1月12日亞洲區Lecture就考過這個概念。Monet跟Renoir(雷諾瓦)的畫作屢屢被學院派(Académie des Beaux-Arts) 拒絕,於是開了小畫展,但被當時的批評家critic or reviewer-humorist Louis Leroy 挖苦為「印象派」 mockingly dub the artists of the style “peintres impressionists”,說它只能算是草稿,不能算是成品,impressionism一詞就這樣得來。

印象畫派的特色也在聽力中出現過,借助光與色的變幻來表現畫家在瞬間之際所捕捉到的印象:
Impressionist painting characteristics include relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage of time), ordinary subject matter, inclusion of movement as a crucial element of human perception and experience, and unusual visual angles  (source: Wikipedia)

3.    Johannes Vermeer 維梅爾
說到維梅爾,大家應該第一幅畫可能會想到的就是戴珍珠耳環的少女了(Girl With a Pearl Earring)這幅畫托福出現過很多次,最近的一次就在2015年11月21日出現過。

圖:Girl with a Pearl Earring


重點有很多,其中一個會提到camera obscura. (暗箱) 
圖:camera obscura

有許多人懷疑Vermeer用camera obscura當成他繪畫的輔助工具,因為Vermeer沒有受過formal training, 但畫作卻跟照片一樣(photorealistic), 而且很多畫作都沒有草稿(preparatory sketches),圖畫大小也都不一,可能根據暗箱的針孔成像投射在牆壁的大小完成的,所以大小都不同。

當時荷蘭流行了畫派叫genre painting, 也在托福出現過。Genre painting/art的特色即畫的是ordinary people, simple, ordinary scenes像markets, 室內風景(domestic settings), street scenes 等等。

圖:genre painting


另外會提到的就是Girl With a Pearl Earring這幅畫的細節。這幅畫不能算是portrait (肖像畫), 應該是tronie -- a painting of an imaginary figure. Tronie的特色是depict a certain type or character, 不是某個真實的人的肖像畫。

對於這位女孩是誰也眾說紛紜,有人說是Vermeer的大女兒Maria, 但都沒有正確的答案。

註:有興趣的同學可以看一部紀錄片 "Tim's Vermeer," 可以對Vermeer的畫有更多了解。

4.    Jasper Johns
2013年1月20日 conversation 2中, 講到encaustic paintings時就提到Jasper Johns.,對話裡面提到學生想作一個比較ancient Greek and contemporary art的project, 就說到了encaustic painting. Encaustic painting (or hot wax painting) 手法是在蠟冷卻以前作畫 (Metal tools and special brushes can be used to shape the paint before it cools.) Jasper Johns其中一幅最有名的畫 “Flag” 就是encaustic painting.

encaustic painting ex. "Flag"



5.    John Constable
2011年12月11日北美考區lecture講到浪漫主義(romanticism)和寫實主義(realism)的比較時,就提到了英國畫家John Constable. Constable的代表作品 The Hay Wain傳達了浪漫主義的核心:大自然是所有情感的化身(nature is the embodiment of all possible feelings.) 

圖:The Hay Wain by John Constable

Constable也曾經在寫給他朋友的一封信提到 “painting is but another word for feeling." Romanticism的其中一個特色也是要evoke feelings; 寫實主義則剛好相反,重在如實呈現所看的景象,例如The Stonebreakers by Courbet, 就是一個寫實主義的代表作品。


畫中描述的是法國畫家Courbet看到的真實景象,他有天要到法國城鎮Maizières
的路上碰到兩個stonebreakers(一老一少),就請他們幫忙pose for him. 在畫中沒有放任何情感,但一老一少也表示在working class society的命運,老的代表作stonebreaker做了一輩子,年輕的可能代表著面臨未來同樣的命運。雖然畫作呈現勞工階級辛苦的一面,但是是以中立的方式呈現的(shown in an unbiased and emotionless way.) 

2013年7月18日 星期四

中樂透啦!!小心樂極生悲:19 Lottery Winners Who Blew It All



威力彩23億一人獨得,but....看看以前樂透得主的下場... 同學們認真準備托福才實在阿!

裡面有不少單字跟實用句型,帶同學一一看下去:


“中樂透”在本文裡用了不少句型paraphrase, 這在托福不管是閱讀還是寫作都常看到,同學可以感覺一下要怎麼利用paraphrase避免repetition,不是只有 “won” the lottery:

1.     “cashed a check” from the Ontario Lottery
2.     “walked away with” $114 million
3.     “hit” the $31 million jackpot in 1997

 其他單字句型解析(按順序擷取自該文章):

1.     a freak fire gutted their house 無名火吞噬整間房子。

2.     on welfare 靠社會資助生活

3.     handouts (這裡是指施捨,跟一般在校園生活常見的講義是不一樣的)to family, loans to friends 同篇文章下面有在提到個字:But like many others who win the lottery, he just couldn't say "NO!" when people asked for a handout.

4.     windfall 意外之財, 風吹下來的,好像天上掉下來般,這裡當然指的是樂透獎金

5.     A former Waffle House waitress named Tonda Lynn Dickerson got served a big plate of karma
got served a big plate of karma 是指遭到報應,這邊刻意用got served a big plate of 是因為他本身是一個餐廳的服務生。
karma 輪迴、因果報應。這個字在一般日常生活或美劇常用到,其他用法如:
She believes that helping people produces good karma.



6.     lump sum 就是一次付清,對比前面的yearly payouts分期付款

7.     foot the bill 就是付錢的意思,其他例子如:
His parents footed the bill for his college education.

8.     Today she resides in a trailer park.
注意這邊的trailer不是指電影預告片,而是電影裡常見的拖車,
所以trailer park指的是拖車公園,意思就是這位樂透得主落的最後只能住在拖車裡了。(台灣相對應的話就是鐵皮屋了吧...)
A trailer park at York Beac


9.     bouncing $1.5 million in checks.  
bounce本來有彈跳的意思,所以這裡意思就是指支票跳票啦!很好記的字!




10.  picked up one helluva crack-cocaine addiction. 
helluva 也可以拼成 hell of a  就是很大或很極端的意思,這邊是指他古柯鹼重度成癮。




2013年7月15日 星期一

NASA第一次看到太陽系外行星的顏色!

原文網址:http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/11/world/space-blue-planet/index.html?sr=fb071213azureblueplanet10a


科學透過哈伯太空望遠鏡(Hubble Space Telescope) 看到一顆太陽系外的深藍色行星 (azure blur planet)!
這是人類第一次能夠看到太陽系外行星的顏色!



Extrasolar planets (太陽系外行星)or exoplanet 也是托福常考的一個重點喔!
ETS也常常用很多新聞及其他學術論文為基礎編寫題目,
所以同學平常也可以多注意有關Astronomy, Science, Geology的新聞喔!!

這個名為HD 189733b 的行星,白天溫度可高達華氏2000度 (約攝氏1093度), 高溫使得天空下起液態玻璃!而且他是一顆*gas giant. (類木行星,組成物以氣體為主)

The planet, known as HD 189733b, is a gas giant with a daytime temperature of 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit where it possibly rains liquid glass sideways amid 4,500 mph winds, NASA says.

特別值得一提的是,這個深藍色星球顏色來源並不是像地球一樣反射海洋得來的,而是在攝氏1000多度如此高溫下,矽酸鹽會凝結成小顆粒的玻璃,反射藍光。(聽力可能考的重點!)

The blue color comes not from the reflection of an ocean, as on Earth, "but rather a hazy, blow-torched atmosphere containing high clouds laced with silicate particles," NASA says. "Silicates condensing in the heat could form very small drops of glass that scatter blue light more than red light."

透過紅外線偵測,發現 HD 189733b 早晚溫差高達華氏500度,如此大的溫度差距會導致颶風的產生。

In 2007, NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope measured the infrared light, or heat, from the HD 189733b. It showed day side and night side temperatures differ by about 500 degrees Fahrenheit, which should cause fierce winds to roar from the day side to the night side, NASA said.



2013年7月11日 星期四

初老症狀英文版?!30 Signs You Are Almost 30! 看看你符合幾項!



先前火紅的偶像劇裡提到的初老症狀,
沒想到也有英文版啦: 30 Signs You Are Almost 30!
原網址:http://www.buzzfeed.com/jessicamisener/30-signs-youre-almost-30

看看你符合幾項吧!

1. You get carded, and your first instinct is "awesome."
這邊 "get carded"指的是被要求出示證件,證明你滿18歲啦!要30了還被認為未成年,
反應當然是...超爽的啦!

2 & 3.  Instead of drunken party photos, your Facebook friends are all about the baby pics, …and marathon times.

不知道大家的是怎樣,但J2的首頁的確都是嬰兒照阿QQ...馬拉松也開始出現...

6. When you watch teen movies/TV shows, you find yourself siding more with the parents than the kids.

這邊的side 不是 physically 往父母那邊靠,而是指說你開始會站在父母的立場想了!

9. You’ve become a sunscreen nazi.

凡是 xxxx nazi 都代表說你瘋狂的愛上某種事物或活動,例如 grammar nazi就是指愛糾正人家文法或語病的人,surf nazi就是狂愛衝浪的人,這邊的sunscreen nazi 就是你出門都會抹超厚一層的防曬油!

13. You’d rather pay a little more for a “nice, clean” hotel room than cram into a hostel with 12 of your friends

真的是阿...出去玩得好好睡一覺...

15. You’ve definitely lost the enzyme that lets you digest Taco Bell.

Taco Bell 是美國的Mexican food 連鎖店,
這句話直接翻是身體裡沒有酵素可以消化垃圾食物了,
其實就是說你的胃沒有辦法再承受隨便亂吃啦!



圖中的TUMS是一種常見治heartburn的藥,
注意heartburn其實跟心臟一點關係都沒有,
是胃灼熱的意思,但不舒服的時候位置在心臟跟胸口之間,所以很像在burn your heart.


18. You’ve experienced the dreaded TWO-DAY hangover.

Hmm...

注意hangover是名詞, 你也可以說I'm (feeling) really hungover (adj.) 或者 I had a really terrible hangover the next morning.

19.You realize your parents were your age (or younger!) when they had you, and you start cutting them some major slack

J2的年代的父母似乎都是這樣的沒錯,很早結婚很早生小孩,
cut somebody some slack是常用的idiom, 有放人一馬或不要這麼嚴格的意思。

20. Running hurts your knees. The elliptical hurts your knees. Everything hurts
做點運動就受傷?! elliptical 這邊是健身房常見的"滑步機"

27. You wonder, seriously, how you ever pulled an all-nighter

開始懷疑以前怎麼都可以玩通宵(pull an all-nighter)?

完整30條請看原文網址:http://www.buzzfeed.com/jessicamisener/30-signs-youre-almost-30










2013年6月18日 星期二

Cheating Ourselves of Sleep

原文網址:

http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/06/17/cheating-ourselves-of-sleep/?smid=fb-nytimes&WT.z_sma=HL_COO_20130617

單字解析:
circadian rhythm 生理節奏,也常搭配clock (生理時鐘)

Speaking Task 4也有機會考出喔:

--> 閱讀:關於 circadian rhythm 的介紹。有兩個要點。一個是每人都會有自己的 ALERT TIME 和 TIRED TIME。第二個要點就是這個 RYTHEM 隨著時間推移可能會改變。 

聽力:教授就舉了 2 個例子。首先說在大學的時候他習慣晚上學習,因為那個時候他精神好,效率 高,睡的比別人都晚。早上就會特別睏,起不來,所以他從來不選早上的課。 第二個例子說他做了年紀大了做了教授發現,早上效率比較高,晚上覺得累。所以現在他的習慣顛 倒了。早上看看書,備課,晚上就早早睡覺了。 

ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) 注意力不足過動症,最常出現在學齡孩子中。

glucose 葡萄糖 (常出現在聽力Biology考題裡)

cardiovascular disease 心血管疾病


------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

我們體內有個叫leptin的hormone會讓你覺得你吃飽了,但是這種hormone在睡眠不足的人裡會減少,另外ghrelin,刺激食慾的hormone會增加。
所以想減肥的同學,記得一定要睡飽!!



Several studies have linked insufficient sleep to weight gain. Not only do night owls with shortchanged sleep have more time to eat, drink and snack, but levels of the hormone leptin, which tells the brain enough food has been consumed, are lower in the sleep-deprived while levels of ghrelin, which stimulates appetite, are higher.


到底為何睡眠充足會增加免疫力?

睡眠時,身體會製造一種蛋白質叫cytokines, 能有效的防止傳染病!


During sleep, the body produces cytokines, cellular hormones that help fight infections. Thus, short sleepers may be more susceptible to everyday infections like colds and flu. In a study of 153 healthy men and women, Sheldon Cohen and colleagues at Carnegie Mellon University found that those who slept less than seven hours a night were three times as likely to develop cold symptoms when exposed to a cold-causing virus than were people who slept eight or more hours.




2013年6月7日 星期五

美國文化篇:Soda/ pop/ coke? 到底該說哪一個?

之前在J2TOEFL社團提過的accent tag:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3LjUUzPG31I

讓同學們了解美國各大洲講話跟用字都會有些許差異,
就好像我們的滑鼠對岸的同胞管他叫鼠標,
之前在母校圖書館遇到同系同學時,他也會跟你說  誒,你也來"學習"阿?

Joshua Katz from NC State University 將上述accent tag裡的問題(還加了其他問題)製作成地圖
http://ppt.cc/3QBO
同學可以一目了然!!

拿汽水為例,
在美國主要有 soda / pop/ coke 三種說法,

可以看到北方人普遍說pop,
但是東岸跟西岸的人都說soda,
東南部像Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana等洲直接說coke來泛指汽水,
同學之後出國唸書就可以選擇一下才不會讓你sound foreign喔!



也可以透過這些maps學學新單字喔!
原來在高速公路上如果有看到車禍等等停下來看熱鬧叫rubbernecking!




開車請專心!!



2013年5月30日 星期四

好文分享:Is it better to walk or run?

-->
原文網址:http://ppt.cc/rWr2

走路跟跑步或許是最直接最方便的運動方式了!
但到底這兩者之間有什麼差別呢?個有優點喔!一一看下去!

Run, Forrest, run!!!


開頭兩句可以說是非常好的獨立寫作模版喔!
用膩自己模版或是還在網海上尋找的同學,
不妨試試看喔!多看報章雜誌才是寫出道地英文的不變道理!

Walking and running are the most popular physical activities for American adults. But whether one is preferable to the other in terms of improving health has long been debated.

主題一:到底走路跟體重哪一個比較好控制體重呢?
即使消耗的卡路里一樣,跑步還是比走路更好控制體重喔!
Why running should better aid weight management than walking is not altogether clear. It might seem obvious that running, being more strenuous then walking, burns more calories per hour. And that’s true. But in the Berkeley study and others, when energy expenditure was approximately matched — when walkers head out for hours of rambling and burn the same number of calories over the course of a week as runners — the runners seem able to control their weight better over the long term.

其中一個原因是appetite!
跑完步會讓一個人比較沒有食慾喔!女生們知道該怎麼做了吧?

One reason may be running’s effect on appetite, as another intriguing, if small, study suggests. In the study, published last year in the Journal of Obesity, nine experienced female runners and 10 committed female walkers reported to the exercise physiology lab at the University of Wyoming on two separate occasions. On one day, the groups ran or walked on a treadmill for an hour. On the second day, they all rested for an hour. Throughout each session, researchers monitored their total energy expenditure. They also drew blood from their volunteers to check for levels of certain hormones related to appetite.
After both sessions, the volunteers were set free in a room with a laden buffet and told to eat at will.
The walkers turned out to be hungry, consuming about 50 calories more than they had burned during their hourlong treadmill stroll.
The runners, on the other hand, picked at their food, taking in almost 200 calories less than they had burned while running.



主題二: 走路也有比跑步好的地方:有效降低心臟疾病
And in perhaps the most comforting of the new studies, published last month in Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology and again using numbers from the versatile Runners and Walkers Health Study, runners had far less risk of high blood pressure, unhealthy cholesterol profiles, diabetes and heart disease than their sedentary peers. But the walkers were doing even better. Runners, for instance, reduced their risk of heart disease by about 4.5 percent if they ran an hour a day. Walkers who expended the same amount of energy per day reduced their risk of heart disease by more than 9 percent.


單字解析:
… researchers combed (尋找,這邊不是梳頭髮喔)survey data from 15,237 walkers and 32,215 runners enrolled in the National Runners and Walkers Health Study — a large survey being conducted at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in Berkeley, Calif.

2013年5月22日 星期三

好文分享: 15 things you should give up to be happy

原文網址:
http://worldobserveronline.com/2012/04/25/15-things-you-should-give-up-to-be-happy/

十五件你應該戒掉的事!

原來不要忘自菲薄可以說:4. Give up self-defeating self-talk! 好道地喔!(筆記)
相信自己潛力無限也可以說  5 . Give up your limiting beliefs
當然最後一句話也是相當常見的: Give up living your life to other people’s expectations.
不要活在別人的期待下!要活出自己!

想寫出道地英文就是要這樣一直不斷的input並一定要記錄下來,
(今天就買本筆記本or整理個word檔吧!!!)
每次要記錄新學的東西時,
記得一定要先複習之前的喔!

就從今天開始吧!就像第九句一樣:Give up your resistance to change!!




2013年5月2日 星期四

好文分享: "We didn't have this green thing back in my earlier days."


一位老奶奶到超市買東西,店員提醒她說要自備購物袋喔!
老奶奶道歉並說 "We didn't have this green thing back in my earlier days." 

現在我們社會或許有很多提倡環保的商品像紙杯、購物袋等等,
但絕對遠不及我們傳統的生活型態及習慣來的GREENer! 
回憶一下以前的生活吧!(有同感的表示你...老了喔! )

全文網址:
http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=4080304105198&set=a.2811845354522.92756.1810435778&type=1&theater

2013年4月30日 星期二

好文分享:一項花了75年研究的實驗:What It Takes To Live A Happy Life?


一項花了75年研究的實驗:What It Takes To Live A Happy Life?

酗酒竟然是離婚最大的主因?!
政治態度保守的人比較沒有性生活?!

看看吧!或許能找到通往幸福的捷徑喔!

 



Men who had “warm” childhood relationships with their mothers earned an average of $87,000 more a year than men whose mothers were uncaring.

小時候媽媽的溫暖竟然能讓小孩子出社會後比別人多賺好幾桶金?
母親節快到了別忘了念托福之餘感謝一下媽媽喔!